Leading physicists last year turned game theory on its head by giving selfish players a sure bet to beat cooperative players. Now two evolutionary biologists at Michigan State University offer new evidence that the selfish will die out in the long run. "For a short time and against a specific set of opponents, some selfish organisms may come out ahead. 1, 2013 issue of Nature Communications.

Game theory is used in biology,
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Researchers use the prisoner’s dilemma game as a model to study cooperation. In it, two people have committed a crime and are arrested. Police offer each person a deal: snitch on your friend and go free while the friend spends six months in jail. If both prisoners snitch,
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The game allows scientists to study a basic question faced by individuals competing for limited resources: do I act selfishly or do I cooperate? Cooperating would do the most good for the most individuals,
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In May 2012,
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"The paper caused quite a stir," said Adami. "The main result appeared to be completely new, despite 30 years of intense research in this area."

Adami and Hintze had their doubts about whether following a zero determinant strategy (ZD) would essentially eliminate cooperation and create a world full of selfish beings. So they used high powered computing to run hundreds of thousands of games and found ZD strategies can never be the product of evolution. While ZD strategies offer advantages when they’re used against non ZD opponents, they don’t work well against other ZD opponents.

"In an evolutionary setting,
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So ZD strategies only worked if players knew who their opponents were and adapted their strategies accordingly,
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"The only way ZD strategists could survive would be if they could recognize their opponents,
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Both Adami and Hintze are members of the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action,
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The research also makes that case that communication and information are necessary for cooperation to take place,
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"Standard game theory doesn’t take communication into account because it’s so complicated to do the math for the expected payoffs," Adami explained. "But just because the math doesn’t exist and the general formula may never be solved,
Original Quality Jordan 11 Georgetown Low Sale With 70% Off, it doesn’t mean we can’t explore the idea using agent based modeling. Communication is critical for cooperation; we think communication is the reason cooperation occurs. It’s generally believed that there are five independent mechanisms that foster cooperation. But these mechanisms are really just ways to ensure that cooperators play mostly with other cooperators and avoid all others. Communication is a universal way to achieve that. We plan to test the idea directly in yeast cells."The research is supported by the National Science Foundation,
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